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Nagy, Balázs: Medieval Hungarian Towns in Foreign Travel

Accounts

 e study examines reports of foreigners who travelled in, or are well-informed

about, Hungary, as well as other relevant documents from beyond the borders.

Speci cally, the focus of the study is medieval Hungarian urbanisation, and data

about the composition of urban population.

The Raffelstetten Customs Regulation (903–906) and the accounts of

Ibrāhīm Ibn Ya‘qūb are valuable sources of information about contempo-

rary Hungarian urban development in the tenth century, both with regard to

information recorded and omitted. Following these early examples, an increas-

ing number of foreign authors reached Hungary in the crusader campaigns.

Several di erent types of accounts survive from the middle of the twelfth cen-

tury onwards. Information about contemporary Hungarian urbanisation was

recorded by Westerners like Odo of Deuil (1147), Otto of Freising (1147),

Arnold of Lübeck (1189), and Muslims such as the traveller Abū-Hāmid

al-Garnātī (1153) and Al-Idrīsī, the author of ageographical gazetteer (1154).

Rogerius’s account of the Mongol invasion in Hungary (1241–1242) reports

important information about the town of Esztergom.  e author of the Ano-

nymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis (1308) summarises everything afourteenth-

century foreigner may have deemed important at the beginning of the century.

Bertrandon de la Broquière (1433) recorded his observations primarily about

Late Medieval Szeged, Buda and Pest.

 e accounts of foreign authors about Hungarian towns suggest that these

sources contribute valuable information to our present understanding of urbani-

sation in medieval Hungary. Despite the fact that none of the authors cited wrote

with the expressed aim to describe contemporary urbanisation, their writings

often precisely re ect the characteristics of urban centres, the multiethnic nature

of towns, the role of foreigners in trade, as well as the relationship between town

and trade. While early texts reveal few shared characteristics between Hungarian

and Western European towns, the sources from the post-Árpádian era suggest

that Hungarian cities were increasingly similar to European urban models:

instead of emphasising the di erences, fourteenth- and  fteenth-century texts

tend to view Hungarian towns as integral parts of the European urban network.

Reed Papp, Zsuzsanna: Hungary in aNeglected Source:

Lists of Papal Provinces in Medieval England

 e aim of the study is to bring into the limelight atype of source that shows

little textual variation and user interference across the dissemination process,

and thus is generally not included among the usual sources of changing percep-

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Philips AZ1509/17 Uživatelský manuál Strana 202